Notes for Interpretation Lesson on Nov. 30，2005
汉译英部分
1）民以食为天 People take food as their first need.
2）语言表达能力是你一生中必须掌握的技能，因为人们根据你的谈吐和文章来评价你。所以了解如何有效的运用语言将为你的成功铺平道路。
Your verbal ability means your ability to use language. Your verbal ability is among the most important skills that you should possess throughout your life because people form opinions of you just on the basis of how you speak and how you write. So understanding how to use words effectively will pave your way to success.
3）现在我们开始对2008年奥运会倒计时。
Now we will start to count down the remaining days，hours，minutes and seconds until the opening ceremony of the 2008 Olympic Games.
4）选了五样东西作为2008年奥运会的吉祥物。
Five figures were chosen to be the mascots of 2008 Olympic Games.
5）中国共产党与各民主党派长期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共。
The CPC and the democratic parties co－exist with each other on a long－term basis，supervise each other，treat each other with all sincerity，and share weal and woe.
6）乔治和玛丽是一对患难夫妻。
Joe and Mary are a couple who share weal and woe.
7）中国共产党是执政党，民主党是参政党(多余部分，英文不翻译)，与中国共产党合作，参与执政。
（注意西方语言的逻辑性logical sense）
The CPC is a party in power，the democratic party cooperate with the CPC and participate in the ruling of the country.
(执政党 a party in power)
8）反腐倡廉即要治标又要治本，实行标本兼治(多余部分，英文不翻译)，教育是基础，法律是保证，监督是关键。
In our efforts to combat corruption and build a clean government，it is essential not just to address the symptoms but more importantly to tackle the root causes. In this regard，education lays the foundation，law serves as the guarantee and supervision holds the key.
9）反对腐败必须坚定不移，坚持不懈，绝不姑息，绝不手软。
We must fight corruption unswervingly， persistently and without any tolerance or mercy.
（施动者在中文中被隐藏，在英文中需要体现）
忠贞不渝的爱情unswerving love
10）我们要稳步推进决策科学化,民主化。
We must steadily make the decision making process more scientific and more democratic.
11）一个句子是由一个词或者一组词组成的完整的意思，我们要翻译句子所要表达的意思而不是句子本身。
A sentence is a word or a group of words that makes a complete sense. We translate the sense the sentence makes not the sentence itself.
12）世界是丰富多彩的，各种文明和社会制度要求同存异取长补短
Our world is diverse and colorful，all civilizations and social systems should try to find common ground and shelve differences and learn from each others’ strong points to make up for their deficiencies.
13）发现和选拔优秀干部的关键是实行从下而上从上而下充分民主选拔的办法
The key for finding and selecting high－level cadres is to adopt the method of nominating candidates from bottom up and top down in a fully democratic way.
影响深远的 far－reaching
赚钱的 money－coming
It is a money-coming job to ……..
从下而上 from bottom up
从上而下 from top down
14）他在差额选举中落选了。
He failed in the multi－candidate election。
多功能厅 multi－functioned room
15）以胡锦涛为总书记的党中央完全有驾驭复杂形势的能力。
The CPC central committee with Comrade Hu Jintao as the General Secretary is fully capable of coping with complex situations.
上有政策下有对策 People can always find a way to cope with the government policies.
主语 the subjective part
英文特点：显性联系 中文特点：隐型联系
16）三个代表是我们的立党之本，执政之基，力量之源。
The Three Represents are the foundation for building the party，the cornerstone for exercising the state power and the source of our strength。
月亮代表我的心 the moon light represents my heart
17）中国共产党始终要代表中国最先进的生产力的发展要求，始终代表先进文化的前进方向，始终代表最广大人民的根本利益。
The CPC must always represent the requirements of the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces; the orientation of China’s advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people.

英译汉部分
1） President Bush has attended a special ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery near Washington in honor of the Veterans Day. In his speech Tuesday Mr. Bush thanked American troops served in Iraq and Afghanistan; he said that the democracies will succeed in both countries. Veterans Day honors the men and women who have served in the American military. Democratic lawmaker criticized Bush Administrations who are not doing enough for the Americans who have served in the US Armed Forces (government and military). Senator minority leader Tom called for better health care for nation’s former soldiers; he also criticized Bush administration’s decision to close seven veteran hospitals.
布什总统出席了在华盛顿附近的阿林顿国家公墓举办的退伍军人节特别仪式。在周二的演讲中布什感谢服役在伊朗和阿富汗美国部队，他说民主在这两个国家都已成功。退伍军人节是为了感激那些曾经在美国军队中服役的人们。民主党国会议员批评布什政府对那些在美国政府和军队中服役的美国人民做的不够好。参议院少数党领袖托尼呼吁给退伍军人更好的健康关注，他也批评布什政府关掉七所退伍军人医院的决定。
清明节 Chinese Hallowmas day
煎饼果子 a piece of Chinese hamburger
国务院 state council
天津政府 Tianjin municipal government
国会议员 lawmaker
立法委员（台湾） lawmaker
布什政府 Bush administration
参议员 senator
国会，议会 congress
2） This is the voice of America beaming to Southeast Asia and mainland of China, the following is a piece of news about a Chinese girl’s death. Hulu, a very promising Chinese girl student got killed on a night seven days ago in Houston Texas University. The local newspaper says 23 year-old Chinese girl was on her way home from her part-time job post when an unknown killer shot at her head with bullet. The place where she was killed is only 20 meters away from her apartment. The local police says it will not be long for the killer to be put into punishment. Hulu’s parents will fly to Houston in a few days, they are now living in Chengdu, the chief town of Sichuan, a province in Southwest China.
这里是美国之音对东南亚和中国大陆广播，以下是关于一个中国女孩的死讯，葫芦，一名很有前途的中国女学生七天前一个晚上在休斯顿德克萨斯大学被杀害，地方报纸说23岁的中国女孩在从她的兼职工作处回家的路上被一名凶手用子弹射中头部，遇害地点离她的公寓只有20米远。地方警察说凶手不日将被缉拿归案。葫芦的父母几天后将飞往休斯顿处理善后事宜（中文的修饰），他们现住在成都市，中国西南部四川省的省会。
法轮功痴迷者falungong partisan
母校 Alma Mater
你必须首先学会生存然后才能生活 You must first know how to live and then know how to live.

Notes for Interpretation Lesson on Dec.7th，2005
汉译英部分
1） 背诵在语言学习中永远具有头等重要的意义
Recitation is always of the first importance in language learning.
2） 我们必须实行中国共产党领导的多党合作的政治协商制度，否则中国将成为一盘散沙四分五裂。
We must implement the system of multi－party cooperation and political consultation and the leadership of the CPC，otherwise China would fall apart like a heap of loose sand.
3） 月亮代表我的心
The moonlight tells all my love for you.
4） 中国正处于计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济体制转变的时期，各个方面的制度还很不完善，再加上中国几千年封建社会残余思想存在，这就使腐败滋生蔓延，也加大了反腐的难度。
China is in the transition from its planned economy to a socialist market economy，many of its current systems are yet to be improved，and there are vestiges of feudalist ideas that have existed for thousands of years，all these have given corruption a hot bed to breed and spread and have made it more difficult for us to fight corruption.
温室 greenhouse 温床 hotbed
5） 必须在选拔和任用干部中引入竞争机制，最好的办法是实行差额选举。
We must introduce a competitive mechanism into the official selection and appointment system，the best way is to implement multi－candidate election.
6） 我们必须废除领导职务的终身制，实行新老干部合作，使干部队伍年轻化，知识化，专业化。
We must abolish the system of lifetime tenure for leading cadres and set up a new system of cooperation and succession between older and younger cadres so as to make our officials younger，more educated and more professional.
7） 一纸文凭定终身的时代一去不返。
Gone are the days when a diploma determines your life－time fate.
8） 这是一个野鸡大学。
The university is a diploma workshop
9） 中国共产党在初级阶段的基本理论，路线和纲领都来自改革开放这一基本方针，对此我们一百年不动摇。
The basic theory，line and program of our Party at the primary stage of socialism are all based on reform and opening-up，which is our fixed policy that will guide our work for at least one hundred years.
10）我们要克服不思进取无所作为的思想，抵制拜金主义享乐主义和极端个人主义等腐败思想
We must overcome the state of lethargy and seeking no progress and we must also withstand money worship，hedonism，ultra-egoism and other decadent ideas.
11）他很懒散 He is in the sate of lethargy.
12）I am not good，nor am I better，I am the best，I am the best of the best.
13）生当为仁杰，死亦为鬼雄 Live for excellence and die in glory。
14）党的作风关心到党的形象，人心向背和党的生命。
The Party’s work style bears on the image of the Party，the trend of people’s support and the survival of the Party.
15）这关系到我们能否活着 It bears on our survival.
这关系到我们的生活水平 It bears our living standard
我们在那次地震中幸存 We survived the great earthquake or flood or the war
16）对来路不明的财产我们要一查到底
We must work hard to get a true picture of the questionable property.
17）对非法集资，玩忽职守，滥用职权，贪污挪用挥霍公款以及利用职务和工作之便收受贵重礼品的人要严惩不怠。
People who make illegal collection of funds，neglect duties，abuse the power in their hands，and embezzle，divert，squander public funds and those who take advantage of their posts and official business activities to accept valuable gifts must be put into punishment without mercy.
18）我们要积极推行标本兼治，综合治理的方针，把以法治国和以德治国结合起来，使每个党员干部经得起改革开放和执政的考验，经得起权利，金钱和美色的考验。
We must take a comprehensive approach to seek a temporary solution and a permanent cure and combine the rule by law with the rule by virtue so as to enable every Party official to withstand the test of reform，opening-up and being in power as well as the test of power，money and badger games.
19）God makes a very good balance of everything
引桥bridge approach
20）女特务对约翰用美人计，约翰上当了
Girl spy played a badger game with John，John failed into her trick.
21）必须对每个党员干部进行三讲教育（讲学习，讲政治，讲正气），提高他们得自律意识和道德准则。
We must give every party member an education on the importance of studying，rising political awareness and ensuring sincerity and honesty so as to enhance his sense of self－discipline and his standard of moral conduct
22) 他是个憨厚的男生 He is sincere and honest

英译汉部分
Red Cross officials from North Korea朝鲜 and South Korea韩国 have exchanged proposals on how to speed transport of emergency food aid to North Korea. But talks began in China’s capital on Saturday, and they are to continue Monday. South Korea has said it also will propose that the food be sent across neutral border area between north and South Korea. In the past food aid had been transported by ship or through China on train.

Notes for Interpretation Lesson on Dec.11th，2005
口译技巧：通常概念的正确的语法都是错误的；时间状语，地点状语和原因状语等等在口译中要尽量变成主语，目的是使后面的句子可以顺利的按照主谓宾或者主系表的结构展开；无论多庞杂的句子，翻译都要翻成规范的主谓宾或者主系表。
例1、 原因状语：
翻译：金钱与权利的诱惑使约翰一步步走向犯罪的深渊，也给他的家人带来了无尽的痛苦。
Money and power have made John turned illegal step by step leading his family in great trouble.
两个或者两个以上的动作同时发生，一个是主要一个是次要，主要的用谓语形式表现，次要的用非谓语形式表现。
翻译：受到好奇心的驱使我打开了那个瓶子，看到里面空空如也。
My curiosity urged me to open the bottle but saw nothing in it （there is nothing inside）
例2、 时间状语：
如果时间是现在完成时，那还保持传统语法不变。
如果时间是一般过去时，那要改变传统语法，使时间状语做主语。
翻译：1949年以来中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。（完成时）
Great changes have taken place in China since 1949.
翻译：1949年中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。（过去时）
1949 witnessed great changes in China.
翻译：那是一个阴沉的下午，我像往常一样去上学。
That gloomy afternoon saw me taking my routine way to school.
例3、 地点状语：
翻译：1949年中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。
China experienced great changes in 1949.
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汉译英部分：
1、作为一名翻译我要眼观六路耳听八方。As an interpreter I should have sharp eyes and keen ears.
（聪者听于无声，明者见于无形）
2、我们要依法严惩那些后台硬的人。
We must be bold enough to punish those well－connected persons in the name of law when they have proved illegal.
3、腐败作为一种长期社会历史现象，古往今来许多社会都有。现在世界上没有哪个国家敢说已经完全消灭了腐败现象，只有程度的不同。中国正处于计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济体制转变的时期，各个方面的制度还很不完善，再加上中国几千年封建社会残余思想存在，这就使腐败滋生蔓延，也加大了反腐的难度。我们始终认为反腐倡廉是顺利进行改革开放和现代化建设的一项重要保证。
Corruption as a social and historical phenomenon has existed in many societies both in the past and at present. No country in today’s world can claim that it has completely eliminated corruption, the difference only lies in the degree of seriousness of corruption. China is in the transition from its planned economy to a socialist market economy，many of its current systems are yet to be improved，and there are vestiges of feudalist ideas that have existed for thousands of years，all these has given corruption a hot bed to breed and spread and has made it more difficult for us to fight corruption. We have always believed to combat corruption and build a clean government is an important guarantee for the smooth reform, opening-up and modernization drive.
4、安全第一 Put smoothness before all else
Smoothness first
5、我们对反腐的态度是：反对腐败必须坚定不移，坚持不懈，绝不辜惜，绝不手软。反腐倡廉即要治标又要治本，实行标本兼治(多余部分，英文不翻译)，教育是基础，法律是保证，监督是关键。要通过深化改革，不断铲除腐败现象滋生蔓延的土壤。
Our attitude towards corruption is as follows：we must fight corruption unswervingly， persistently and without any tolerance or mercy. In our efforts to combat corruption and build a clean government，it is essential not just to address the symptoms but more importantly to tackle the root causes. In this regard，education lays the foundation，law serves as the guarantee and supervision holds the key. We must get rid of the soil that breeds corruption through deepening reform.
6、我们对学习的态度是…….
Our attitude towards study is as follows：
7、民主选举和舆论监督都有利于抑止腐败，我们在这方面做了许多努力也取得了积极的成效。中国共产党的领导干部，各界政府的领导人，各界任命代表大会的代表都是选举产生的。民主选举有利于督促领导干部清正廉明。我国国情决定我国的选举制度不会与西方国家的选举制度完全一样，也没有必要完全一样。舆论监督是人民监督的重要组成部分，中国新闻媒体在对政府官员监督方面发挥了重要作用，许多报刊，电视台，电台都有专门栏目记录了不少问题。
Democratic election and media supervision help to check corruption，we have made a lot of efforts in these areas and achieved positive results. The CPC cadres and government officials of various levels and deputies of the People’s Congress at all levels are all elected. Democratic elections require cadres to be honest and just and stay away from corruption. The conditions of China have decided that our election system is not exactly the same as that in western countries, nor is it necessary to be exactly the same. Media supervision is an important part of the supervision by the people. The media in China has played an important role in supervising the government officials. Many newspapers, TV stations, radio stations and other media organizations have special columns for anti-corruption, media organization have already exposed a lot of problems that we are going to address seriously.
英译汉部分：
Former president Joe Bush is planning to parachute jump from airplane near the Southwest city of Yuma, Arizona. 美国前总统打算在亚利桑那州西南部叫尤马的地方跳伞。Army parachute experts will jump with 72 years old Mr. Bush on Tuesday. Army spokesman said Mr. Bush made a promise to himself after his naval airplane was shot down during WWII. His promise was to someday make another parachute jump that was not an emergency escape.
国务院发言人 spokesman of the sate department of PRC
起风了明天准是好天 Here comes the wind，which promises a fine day to follow
好的英语水平将带给你美好的将来 Your high level English promises you a bright future.
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现场翻译要“此起彼落”，下面是萧老师现场翻译的录音记录
This morning I am here to share some ideas about alliances with you so that you can be better cooperated with your western partners. With your permission I will take off my jacket as we wont begin working with jacket. Ok, a quick word about me and then go on to the substance of my presentation.
I have been engaged in HR and financial management for many years. When I first was invested to come to Tianjin I am not sure what I will see or meet in Tianjin……
Alliance, it looks like a long word in English. In past days, business was quite easy, you know who’s your friends and who’s your rival, but nowadays your competitors can eventually become your friends, so that there leaves the definition what an alliance is. There is a long definition but we will try to make it clear and short.
Very importantly they are agree to share with each other HR, finance and management so that both of their competitiveness have been improved.
70% of alliances are between companies and suppliers.
14% of alliances are between old companies and new-entranced companies.
If 71% of alliances are between people who have been competitive, you think what that means to management.
It means your attitude and the whole mind of your people need to change.
Just signing a paper without changing the attitude doesn’t work.
So alliance need to be prepared very carefully and managed very carefully.
I will write down some terrifying or very frightening statistics so that you may remember them.
60-80% of alliance failed to achieve their objectives.
In developing alliance strategy 3 things need to be taken into account.
You have to identify a right partner, identify the value against the risk.
It seems to me many audiences are from the company.
It is important to develop your company’s strategy.
Before you develop your general strategy, you have to look at what’s going on outside.
What does he see outside? It sees at least 4 driving forces.
It sees the market pulling your company in one direction.
It sees the technology pushing your company in one direction.
How is technology changing the way you think better for your future?
How are your competitors doing? Because their actions will affect the way you are doing.
Last but not least, you have…….
So when you look outside to see what’s happening outside there and outside world, you say, “Hi, look, something is coming, technology is coming. Hi dear, the customers are forcing me to do something. The customers are asking for something new!”
What is technology asking me to do??? 科技要我做什么反响？（注意词的添加，加词不加意思）
What is customer asking me to do???? 客户要我采取什么行动？
What is the impact on my strategy, on my structure, on my process, on my people??科技的更新对我的策略，我的组织结构，我的生产调度，我的人士管理都有什么影响？？？
How to satisfy the demand of the customer?
How am I going to keep my competitor away from me?
How to make my company internationally competitive?
First make my company competitive at home and then make it competitive abroad.
Two actions are needed:
First you must have excellent marketing intelligence 市场信息
Next you need to take a photograph of your organization as what it is today in terms of its capabilities and its resources.对公司现状有确实的了解。
Unless you know your strength and weaknesses you can’t develop your strategy.
After your plant seeds under ground you will have to work on the earth.
You will have a clear view of why you are undertaking an alliance.
There are my ways of growing the business, organic growth, growth without alliance.
Let’s think of growing company organically, life is so much easy when you grow something organically. If I grow my company by myself without partner I don’t need to worry about anyone else’s ideas and actions, I need not worry about somebody will want to control my company, I know money will go to my company and my account.
I also know I will go very very slowly towards my objectives unless I have very very good products.
Time is money in business, I want to go quickly towards my objectives, I want lots of money, I am greedy.
So I may stop my competitor who wants my business.
In terms of time, alliances often develop business much more quickly than organic growth.
In terms of investment, it is more complicated than organic growth.
In an alliance we should bring our forces into one line and work on the same agenda/work in one direction.我们要心往一处想劲往一处使。
In the west you can do more than less with alliance 事半功倍
If it is logical why so many alliance failed?
I understand you have an expression that we also have in English, that expression is: Same bed, different dreams
You think you know your partner, but do you know what is in the head of your partner?心里想的是什么
Your partner says something, but what is his thinking?
You need to learn what in the head of your partner so that you can work on the same agenda. 步调一致
Alliance failed when people did not make the preparation that they need to do.
They failed for several other reasons and I have some here.
In the west people change their jobs quite often.
So if the top man goes to another company, the committee is not in line with the project.
Another reason for the failure is that you have a wrong expression of the strength of your partner.
One more reason, the strategy of one company changed.
What has happened to love and where has love gone?
Marriage has become a sort of business.
Business can learn from marriage.
Before you get into an alliance, you need to sign an exit strategy, this sounds negagive but very practical.
Do you remember when you were young you were looking for Mr. Or Ms. Perfect to be a partner?
Man looks for superwoman and woman looks for superman.
So you have to compromise
You have the common objectives, your business objectives
You will never ever find a company which has exactly the same business objectives as yours.
You will have to compare 比较and contrast对比
We are talking about strategic and objectives of a company.
When you identify a partner you have to look at partner form several different angels so as to understand what is that partner like.
This is the same as we look for a man or woman to be our life partner.
You should also get advice from other people.
Tri-angulation三角测量法
The first thing you need to know yourself, your cooperate culture and your national culture.
You can take your week points compared with other’s strong points
You need to know how ugly they are as well as how strong they are.
Get comments from the customers
Collect comments from the customers
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小知识点：
He speaks English with very strong Ireland accent
Mr. Xiao speaks Chinese with very strong Shanghai dialect方言/accent口音
Chance lost will not come back
With your permission I have something to say.
So the mathematics is right.
He is of no rival in the world.天下无敌
Sales-network销售网
二大爷paternal second uncle
二舅 maternal second uncle
传达室 a mail－in－and－out room
君子爱财，取之有道 A gentleman makes money in right way
If you want more you will loose what you have already in your hand
Be carefully making very step forward
没说上几句他就对我下了逐客令 Shortly after the conversation he showed me the door
What I can eat I eat, what I cannot eat I can 带走
你学习得推动力是什么？What is the driving force of your English learning？
牧羊人把一群羊赶到山坡上 The sheepherder drove a group of sheep to the hillside.
在市政府正确领导下，我们完成了引滦入津的工程，现在天津工业用水，生活用水都得到了充分的保障。Under the correct leadership of Tianjin Municipal government, we have accomplished the project of driving the Rhan River to Tianjin. Now the water supply to industry and residents is well secured.
供电 power supply
工业用水，军用水，农业用水，生活用水 water supply to industry，agriculture，military and residents
周三周五不停电，所以英语课照常上 We never suffer power failure on Wednesday and Friday so our English lesson is well secured
看，来了两个半大小子，躲他们远点。Look，there come two big boys，keep away from them.
我心里很清楚…I have a clear view of why he refused our suggestion
I have a clear view of why your visa was rejected
First I don’t think it will take me so long to find a job there, if it does. I can still support me for another year.
His attitude is rather ambiguous.
When you feel tired, think of Mr. Xiao, such an old man still working hard, you won’t have any reason to make relaxation.
This is the prerequisite for success.这是成功的先决条件
事半功倍 do more for less
Achieve more with less expenditure
阶段性，周期性事物 periodical thing
情人眼中出西施 Every boy thinks his girlfriend is Ms. Perfect
夜半歌声 song at midnight
难忘的一夜 the night to remember
A supermarket is a self－service and large scale department store.
A superman is a man with super natural power.
Culture fit 文化匹配
矬子里面拔将军 Choose the best among the left
靠运气by fate
谋事在人，成事在天 Men tries，God decides
不要自寻烦恼 Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you
没有最好只有更好 There’s no rest for the best
When looking a woman for life partner，you should get advice from other people
哄某人 make sb feel happy
You must know how to comfort yourself
居安思危 Work for the best and prepare for the worst
欢迎批评指正Your comments and suggestions are welcome

Notes for Interpretation Lesson on Dec. 14，2005
1、在我国社会主义建设中，要两个文明一起抓，让中国青年树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观，树立艰苦创业的精神和无私奉献的精神。
In our socialist construction，we must lay equal emphasis on material advancement and moral progress so as to enable the Chinese young people to foster the correct outlooks on the world，life，values，hard working and pioneering spirit and the spirit of selfless devotion.
2、我们要在学生中广泛开展爱国主义、集体主义和社会主义教育，使他们懂得追求真善美，抵制假恶丑，做德智体全面发展的社会主义接班人。
We must carry out the broad and extensive education in patriotism，collectivism，and socialism among the students，（一个句子中无论有多少个动作，只有一个动作是主要的，主要动作做谓语，非主要动作以非谓语形式出现）letting them know how to pursue the true，the good and the beautiful and how to resist the false，the bad and the ugly，so that they may become socialist successors with noble morality，high－level profession and good health.
3、我们绝不跟见利忘义唯利是图的人交朋友
We will never make friends with those who are likely to forget what is right at the sight of profit.
4、我们应努力生产出更多的健康的与艺术水平高的电影和电视剧来满足人民不断增长的精神和文化需要。
We should produce more healthy movies and TV films with high－level art so as to meet the increasing spiritual and cultural demands of the people.
5、在艺术创作中我们要树立精品意识，贯彻理论联系实际的原则，坚持正确的舆论导向，弘扬煮旋律。
In art creation we should foster the awareness of creating excellent works，implement the principle of integrating theory with practice，adhere to the correct orientation of public opinion，and promote the main theme of our times.
6、现在不少人都是一切向钱看，言谈举止充满拜金主义，享乐主义和极端个人主义，在处理问题上损公肥私损人利己，这是人心不古所造成的世风日下的结果。
Nowadays quite a lot of people are money－oriented，their words and deeds are full of mammonism，hedonism and extra－egoism. In everything they do，they seek private gains at public expense and harm others for their own interests. All these moral degradation is the result of the neglect of our national tradition.
7、 所有健康的受欢迎的社区文化，村镇文化，广场文化，企业文化，校园文化，军营文化，少儿文化等群众文化都收到保护并得到弘扬。
All healthy and popular community culture，village culture，township culture，public square culture，corporate culture，school culture，military camp culture，children’s culture and other mass culture are well protected and developed.
8、 现在很多青年人崇拜流行歌手，并有追星热，与此同时许多优秀的传统艺术濒临失传。
At present time quite a number of young men idolize pop singers and have a craze of seeking after the stars，at the same time，many fine traditional arts are on the verge of loss.

第三步：总结文章中的好的短句、长难句、考点句；总结文章中句子如何开头，句子之间的关系、衔接，段落之间的衔接，并记忆和运用可以在作文中使用的句型。

例1：He is a big spender. 他花钱大手大脚。

运用：Many young adults are big spenders. 许多年轻人花钱大手大脚。

例2：1949 witnessed the liberation of China.

运用：The dawn of the new century witnessed the increasing popularity of the web.

中国人写英文句子多喜欢用第一人称开头，写作文时候开头也缺乏变化。所以平时在超精读时仔细研究文章中的句子是如何开头是很有必要的。

例3：He got off the plane. Reporters surrounded him. 这两个句子没有语法问题，但放在一起就显得缺乏连贯性。如果改成He got off the plane and was surrounded by reporters 或者He got off the plane. And he was surrounded by reporters 就可以了。所以平时要多研究英文句子是如何衔接的。

例4：2002年6月六级阅读第二篇

(29) Our obsession (迷恋) with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. ……

以上是某一段第一句话，请注意also衔接两段的作用。

29. The author criticizes women's obsession with thinness __________.
[定位与替换] 本题询问作者是如何批评妇女对瘦的着迷的。由关键词obsession with thinness定位到第五段第一句。但该句只给出了部分答案。注意also这个词，表明人们对瘦的迷恋还有原因，应该在上面一段。 第四段说瘦现在被认为是新的优点的标志。带来的结果是肥胖被认为是不好的，因为肥胖意味着缺乏精神力量。整个社会以瘦为美，作者对人们迷恋瘦是因为社会风气使然，这是从社会的角度。 第五段第一句的话说，我们对瘦的迷恋部分原因是我们对健康的关注另外，从文中可以看出作者是从医学的观点来说明疾病不一定是和体重有关，太迷恋瘦也有可能造成对健康的损害。所以本题应该选B) from sociological and medical points of view从社会学和医学的角度。解答本题需要整合两段内容，并具有概括能力。

例5：2001年6月四级第四篇

We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as “regular” coffee and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, Instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline（衰退）when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline).　  

第一段中有三个句型可以在图表作文中应用：

1. instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity. 

我们可以这样模仿：the mobile phone has grown rapidly in popularity.

2. sales leveled off.

或者也可以这样说:sales remained constant / steady / stable / much the same

3. sales went into a slight decline.
或者也可以这样说: sales declined slightly / 如果下降幅度大可以说sales declined dramatically / substantially / sharply / greatly / hugely.

对大部分中国学生来说，欠缺的不是泛读，而是精读。总的来说，同学们在超精读文章的时候要对文章和考点、干扰项等进行详细的分析、总结。 这时要仔细体会文章中精彩的语言，注意词语的内涵、使用、扩展和搭配，代词和名词的指代，对精彩句型的模仿，以及对重要语法现象、长句、难句、文章结构的分析。另外，还要注意分析句子和句子之间的关系，是因果、递近、转折还是什么？尤其要注意文章的第一句和最后一句，以及每段的第一句和最后一句与其它句子的关系，体会每句话在文章中的作用。在阅读过程中，要培养自己对文章主要讨论对象、关键词，作者和专家的观点，以及语气的把握。特别注意作者和专家的观点，专家和专家之间的观点是否相同或相反或互补，以及作者和专家的语气是赞成还是反对，是关注还是乐观等等。如果是真题，还要仔细分析考点和正确、干扰选项的规律、特征。在此过程中，可把文章尽可能的多读几遍，甚至翻译一下，提高对文章中单词、短语、句型等的反应速度，阅读速度自然也就提高了。

如果能做到上面几点，那么你才能说真正地理解了文章，阅读理解能力以及综合英语能力都会得到很大的提高，其结果是对考试中的每个题型的把握都会更上一层楼。先从听力说起，据研究，一个人的阅读理解能力和听力水平是成正比关系的。试想，有的同学连听力原文都看不懂，怎么可能听懂呢。另外，在超精读的过程中，所积累的词汇能力，对词汇题也有很大帮助，我曾做过统计，如果对10套左右的四六级、考研阅读真题中的词汇进行过深入学习，大纲中的重点词汇就已经囊括大半。最好的词汇记忆方法是通过阅读来学习，可以记得又牢又准确。对翻译、完形、改错、简短回答问题等小题型，你就会觉得得心应手，因为你对这些题型的解题能力和你的阅读、词汇能力最相关。关于作文，许多同学喜欢背模版，其实模版作文千篇一律，很难拿到高分。如果在读英语报刊和真题的过程中，我们有意识地摘抄积累一些精彩地道的词汇和句型，考试时信手拈来，无疑会使评卷老师眼睛为之一亮。实际上，我们所阅读的英语文章就是一篇篇精彩的作文范文。如果我们能在早晨、傍晚朗读或背诵英语报刊文章或真题阅读文章，经常进行翻译练习，耳濡目染接触到的都是地道的英语，坚持下去，我们的听说读写译能力很自然地就会得到提高。

第一步：准备好阅读材料，训练阅读速度，捕捉文章大意。不要查字典、看译文。

在阅读英语报刊（推荐阅读Time, Newsweek, the Economist等）或者真题的时候，第一遍都必须首先注意提高阅读速度。对报刊上的文章，第一遍读的时候不要查字典，记下起止时间，计算单位时间的阅读量。对真题，更加要控制在规定的时间内完成，阅读时就要随时对可能的考点作出标记，最后结合解题技巧来解题。这时的重点放在训练速度，掌握文章大意、结构，以及作者和专家等的观点。

第二步：总结文章中词汇使用的准确性、形象性、多样性和感情色彩及语气，复合词的使用，总结各类重要搭配，对各类重要词汇进行扩展，正确识别代词与抽象名词的指代，并记忆和运用可以在作文中使用的词汇。

1.        从文章中词汇使用的准确性、形象性、多样性和感情色彩及语气角度，复合词的使用进行总结。

①      准确性

英语初学者在词汇的使用上一般太宽太泛，欠缺准确性。比如想到走，只会用walk, 其实表示“走”的词汇有很多，如：stroll漫步, 闲逛; stagger 摇晃地走等等。

②      形象性

英语母语的人在使用英语的时候用词经常非常形象化，而我们一般用词就比较刻板。比如上升，很多人只会用increase, 其实用climb 这个简单的词就很形象。再如下文：

 Diana’s sudden death triggered a global outpouring of grief and boosted an already thriving “Diana Industry”.  Described in an editorial in the Daily Mirror tabloid as the “grief industry”, interest in Diana has also spawned hundreds of “exclusive” biographies by people who claim to have been close to her.

 trigger n. （枪的）扳机; v. 引发, 引起, 触发

 spawn n.鱼等的）卵; v. 产卵，催生，造成，使产生

③      多样性

词汇的多样性也是看一个语言学习者词汇掌握是否丰富的重要方面。比如一篇文章讲汽车，其中就使用了car / motorcar / automobile / auto / vehicle 等词进行替换，你如果都掌握了，就可以很容易判断文章的主题。还有一篇关于老年人的作文，一般人只会用old people, 如果你使用了the old / the elderly / the aged / the elderly population / senior citizens, 显然就技高一筹。再如阅读理解中原文用legislator, 答案用lawmaker进行替换。以上这些例子都说明了词汇的多样性的重要。

④      感情色彩及语气

动词、形容词和副词等的使用经常都表达了作者的感情色彩和语气，把握这一点对深入理解原文，或者考试时解题都很有作用。

The study’s director _89___ that “interactive leadership may emerge 90   the management style of choice of many organizations.” (2003.1 CET-6 Cloze)

A)      predicted B) proclaimed C) defied D) diagnosed

    这道题有争议，因为A）和B）从中文的意思上来看都可以，其实如果注意到句子中的may所表达的不确定语气就可以确定本题必选A) predicted 无疑。因为predicted 意思是预测，表达的是一种不确定性，而proclaimed 一般表示在正式场合的宣布、声明，无此语气。

⑤      复合词

现代英语中复合词的使用非常广泛，且很多字典上都不一定能查到，平时要注意多总结。比如-free 这个词表示“没有，免除”，可以组成很多复合词，flood-free 没有洪水的，fat-free 没有脂肪的。再如孙英杰B尿样阳性，face a multi-year ban, 体会一下复合词的使用是不是句子有了英语的味道？

2.        总结文章中动词和名词（动宾）搭配、形容词和名词的搭配、副词和动词、形容词的搭配、各类介词搭配（动词和介词、形容词和介词、名词和介词、介词和名词）。

①      动词和名词（动宾）搭配

动词作为英语中最活跃的词性，具有强大的组词功能，尤其是与名词的搭配千变万化，但又在很大程度上是约定俗成的。如果不加以注意，就容易犯错误。比如一位同学作文中的表达：People take more emphasis on the health，这里的take就应该用place或者put。曾经请同学翻译一句话：他的英语在这个学校最好。一般人都翻译成：His English is the best in this school. 其实如果平时掌握了地道的动宾搭配，翻译成：His English tops this school. 是不是更好呢？

例如：

Chinese President Hu Jintao and British Prime Minister Tony Blair reached vital consensus on Wednesday on promoting the existing comprehensive strategic partnership to a higher level.

从以上句子中我们就必须总结两个动宾搭配：

（1）. reach consensus on … 在…方面达成共识；

（2）. promote the existing comprehensive strategic partnership 促进现有的全面战略伙伴关系

②      形容词和名词的搭配

英语中形容词表达的涵义很广，同一个形容词可以修饰不同的名词，不同的形容词可以修饰同样的名词，学习中一定要注意积累。如有个同学的造句：The traffic in Nanjing is crowded. 这里crowded 就用错了，应该用heavy。另外，heavy 还可以修饰smoker / rain 等等。再如outstanding / superior / rare / top 都可以形容students, 指优秀的学生。不要想到好坏就想到good, bad,。比如不好的效果可以用ill effects , unfavorable effects 等等。

③      副词和动词、形容词的搭配

副词的使用经常使你的句子非常简洁和地道，比如你听到小日本被炸了，你的反应是不是pleasantly shocked (愉快的震惊)呢？再如intensely / crucially important 都可以代替very important。如果你是李宇春的忠实粉丝，但如果是a hopelessly devoted fan 而耽误了学习就不好啦。

  各类介词搭配（动词和介词、形容词和介词、名词和介词、介词和名词）

有专家称，英语是介词的语言，从这一点就可以看出介词的重要性。多掌握各类介词固定搭配，可以使你的英语表达更地道。

3.        注意对文章中重要词汇进行一定的扩展。

我们可以从词汇的同义词、反义词，同根词、相关性等等角度进行扩展，让你的词汇形成一个网络，而不是孤立的个体。

4.        正确识别代词与抽象名词的指代

如果无法正确识别指代，读者就无法把句子和句子连接成具有连贯意义的整体，就无法把握作者的思路延展。

例1：2003年6月六级阅读理解第三篇

（32）Take the case of public education alone. The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils. This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached. (This = the tremendous increase in the number of pupils.) In view of the technological improvements in the last few years, business will require in the future proportionately fewer workers than ever before. The result will be still further raising of he legal age for going into employment, and still further difficulty in finding employment when hat age has been attained. If we cannot put our children to work, we must put them in school. （本文是一篇人文类的议论文，讨论的主要对象public education在第一句话中就提到，属于开门见山类的文章。 第一段讲了公立学校面临的主要困难是学生数量的巨大增长，以及增长的原因。）

32. What is the reason for the increase in the number of students?
[定位与替换] 本题问学生数量增长的原因是什么？为典型的因果关系考点。问题指向原文第一段第一句，公立学校面临的主要问题是学生数量的增长。接着讲了两个原因（This has been caused by …）：合法就业年龄的提高（也就是在一定年龄以下不能就业）和达到合法年龄后无法找到工作。所以选B) Raising of the legal age for going to work. 合法工作年龄的提高。

[干扰项分析] A) The requirement of educated workers by business. 企业对受过教育的工人的要求。文中没有提到，属于无中生有。C) The trend toward a shorter workday. 工作时间缩短的趋势。此为第二段第一句的内容，但偏离了考点。D) People's concern for the future of the next generation. 人们对下一代的未来的关心。文中也没有提到，属于无中生有。
如果无法正确识别文章中This 的指代，解题就会遇到困难。现在的四六级考研英语命题者，喜欢从指代处出题。

例2：2002年6月阅读第一篇：

Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it. （some scientists argue为插入语，第一个it指代the human history，第二个it指代global climate change）